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A Better Bottom Long-lining System - Tricks that Improve any Bottom Setby:: Edward R. Gaw & Steve P. Carl Long-lining has proven extremely effective for catching a large number of commercially valuable demersal species. Bottom long-line systems can be deployed from any size vessel and efficiently capture fish ranging from cod, halibut, tilefish, snapper, grouper and shark. The introduction of modern materials and new techniques into a basic bottom system can result in consistently larger catches, lower cost per unit effort and improved gear recovery. This discussion of bottom equipment covers manually baited, snap-on bottom long-line gear. It is important to recognize the differences between larger vessel auto-line systems and the use and refinement of hook-limited manually baited systems. The longer term success of highly mechanized, mega-hook, auto-baiting long-line systems remains in doubt. A combination of the capital investment required, higher direct and associated expenses and the resilience of deep water species to auto-line fishing pressure restricts auto-lining to fringe fishing at the poles and pulse fishing techniques of 30,000 hook sets. By comparison, the majority of bottom long-line vessels fish with fewer than 3,000 hooks deployed from vessels under 30 meters. These smaller scale bottom fishing operations typically harvest higher valued species destined for fresh/ice world markets. Bottom long-lining possesses several advantages that account for its popularity; low cost of initial capitalization, low direct fishing related expenses, limited crew requirement, simple and efficient operation and proven catch record. Most bottom systems have resulted from the regional pursuit of a specific species or local collection of species and evolved over time. A typical bottom long-line set includes; a main-line, buoy system and branch lines or leaders. The choice of materials used for each gear element are largely a function the demands of depth, ocean conditions, vessel sophistication and historic construction. The initial substitution of new materials for more traditional gears is usually a slow and challenging process. Often a change or substitution in one piece of gear requires a compensatory adjustment to a related gear element. The following elements or gear suggestions may prove extremely helpful in establishing or improving your bottom long-line system:: MAIN SPOOL:: The use of a hydraulically driven main-line spool greatly improves gear storage and setting and hauling efficiency and flexibility. The haul-back and storage of multi-filament, wire rope or monofilament main-lines by mechanical spool greatly reduces the crew required to successfully fish the bottom. Bottom spools are characterized by simple construction of galvanized steel, stainless steel or aluminum and, in most cases, do not require the advanced engineering or strength present in monofilament main-line spools. Monofilament can retain significant tension during the haul-back of a monofilament long-line which is translated into strong expansive forces against the spool end-plates it is therefor not recommended unless the captain and crew is completely familiar with its inherent properties. Main-line materials typically employed in bottom systems; wire, wire rope, multi-filament, do not carry these forces to the spool. For this reason , the basic construction and sophistication of a bottom long-line spool conforms to a lower standard than stronger more expensive monofilament spools. Bottom long-line spools can be manufactured for vessels of almost any length. Neither physical storage of bottom main-line nor its deployment and retrieval demand large deck space requirements. Any deck arrangement of bottom equipment should attempt to maximize working deck area through selective equipment placement and hydraulic design. Efficient movement of the catch from the line to the hold prioritizes the individual handling, preparation and ice storage of each captured fish. MAIN-LINE:: The selection of productive bottom and the strategic placement of bottom long-line gear requires knowledge of local bathymetry and currents and their influence on settling bottom gear. Wire and wire rope main-lines settle quickly and accurately on the bottom or between bottom types. Microseconds of position difference between setting and fishing location on the bottom can influence the catch success of each bottom long-line set. For locales where the best fishing can be found between hard and sand bottom at a break or an edge, wire main-lines provide a high degree of accuracy and considerable strength. Most operations employ 1/8” or 3/32” galvanized 7x7 cable as main-line for fishable bottom between ten (10) to four hundred (400) fathoms. However, in certain specialized fisheries, captains have employed monofilament mainlines and have found its keenness has significantly increased catches. Despite these results, monofilament mainline is not recommended unless the captain and crew are completely familiar with its inherent properties and the bathymetry of the target fishing grounds. Also, it has been found that the attachment of rudder zincs (R-0) to cable main-line during fishing operations will extend the life of any cable and limit electrolysis. MONOFILAMENT LEADER//HOOK:: A significant advance in bottom long-line fishing has been the introduction of monofilament leader lines. The increasing use of monofilament hook lines has evidenced significant increases in landings and reduced direct gear construction costs. The captains using monofilament leaders consistently report improved operations and landings with monofilament. A few of the reported advantages of monofilament leaders over more traditional multi-filament are::
The combined use of wire main-line and monofilament requires two important considerations in monofilament leader construction. The majority of smaller-scale bottom fishing operations use snap-on gear to attach baited hooks to the main-line. These snaps are constructed of stainless steel and feature a swivel for monofilament leader attachment. The use of a 200 Kg. Test swivel gives the baited hook considerable freedom of movement away from the influences of the main-line. Additionally, monofilament use requires the use of a swiveled offset circle hook. The swivel feature of a hook allows a fish to spin during haul-back of the gear. Fish, such as groupers, have a tendency to rise to the surface with their mouths open. This peculiar feature of many demersal species may cause the monofilament leader to wrap around and abrade against the wire main-line, losing the fish. The combined action of the swiveled snap and the swiveled circle hook works to prevent the monofilament leader from spinning around the cable main-line and shearing off. The simple addition of a swiveled hook allows for quicker haul-backs of the gear and minimizes hook pulls and fish loss. BUOY SYSTEM-SPACING//GEAR RECOVERY:: Anyone familiar with fishing the bottom understands that gear loss is high. Lost or unrecovered bottom long-line gear can significantly increase direct fishing costs and significantly reduce crew enthusiasm for bottom long-line trials. However, it is often the most difficult bottom that holds the highest promise of better fishing and consistently higher catches. For this reason, where conditions and bathymetry permit, it is strongly recommended to attach twin buoy systems directly to both ends of the cable main-line. This arrangement results in the cable main-line beginning and ending at the surface. Floatation is attached to both ends of the cable and scoped to the bottom. This system requires the use of more cable main-line, as a function of scope and depth, but substantially lowers the risk of gear loss. This design does not employ separate buoy lines to the surface that may prove less than reliable during a difficult haul-back. Direct contact with main-line, at both ends, insures that the majority of the gear set will be returned to the vessel. Experience has also shown the need to use two sets of buoys at both ends of the gear. The most popular buoys employed by these vessels are a combination of inflatable buoy mated with a hard float. This double floatation system may seem redundant but if the first set sinks as the result of a strong tide, the second set provides sufficient stand-by floatation and gear location markings. The distance between buoy sets at each end of the gear should approximate the distance from the waterline of the vessel to the height of its working deck. In the event of completely sunk gear, this buoy design greatly facilitates gear recovery and retrieval. BOTTOM FISHING OPERATION TRICKS:: As in every fishery, experienced operation of bottom long-line fishing systems have resulted in several simple aids that greatly accelerate the learning curve. Simple devices that can be quickly added to the fishing operation return great benefits in gear comfort and vessel production. An example of these tricks is the popular use of colored duct tape to mark each mile of main-line and main-line wire splices. Traditionally, each mile of gear is marked with red duct tape and wire splices with highly visible yellow duct tape. High visibility and quick identification of splices provides a margin safety for gloved hands during haul-back. Fishermen have also developed a simple system to improve the safety of the haul-back of baited hooks. Each set made begins and ends with the attachment of an empty snap to the main-line. During haul-back, this empty snap signals the beginning of leader hooks at the rail and the last empty snap informs the crew that the buoys will be quickly arriving along-side. This simple device has greatly increased the safety and efficiency of gear retrieval. A typical bottom fishing system can be designed to fish between 2000 - 2500 one meter (1.0 meter) leaders spaced approximately five meters (5.0 meters) apart. Hook spacing is an important variable in all bottom long-line sets. The catch location of a previous sets fish is often the best indication of productive grounds. Early in a trip standard spacing can reveal catch patterns that will influence a captains decision to increase or decrease hook spacing. The appearance of patterns or trends in the location of the catch should prompt closer hook spacing and higher hook density in more productive areas within a set. ELECTRONICS:: Significant advances in electronics and computer software have allowed bottom long-line operations to become more technically advanced. The use of navigation chart plotters, differential GPS receivers, high powered color video sounders and Windows compatible three dimensional bathymetric software are now common onboard successful bottom long-line vessels. Application of this equipment has allowed fishermen to be more selective in their gear location and hook spacing. Today, gear is not blindly set over familiar bottom with an emphasis on hook quantity. Instead, great time and consideration is taken prior to and during each set to review the vessel’s position and bottom conditions to best determine hook spacing and maximize catch results. All commercial fishing systems in use today are constantly evolving. This continued evolution is the natural result of pressures applied from government regulations, declining catches, fluctuating ex-vessel prices and increased competition. Fishermen worldwide are experimenting with improved materials and new techniques to raise catches or lower production costs. It is no longer enough to catch fish. The operation of any fishing vessel is confined by the value of its catch and extended trip profits. Financial success demands fishing skill, market timing, operational cost structuring and luck. Bottom long-line fishing provides a clear example of the effects of cost pressures on a fishery, its practice and development.
Of Hooks and Bait for Swordfish and Tuna - Proven Baiting Techniques for Long-line Swordfish and TunaPrinted:: World Fishing: June 1997International participation in the monofilament long-line fishery for pelagic swordfish and tunas has been increasing steadily since the late 1980’s. Many countries have adopted monofilament long-line equipment and practiced this fishery with local modifications and influences. While the appearance and presentation of individual boats vary between regional fisheries, theory behind the preparation of baits for the capture of swordfish and tunas remains constant. Coordinating increased appeal of a hooked bait with increased vulnerability of the target species remain the successful fisherman’s goal. Pelagic monofilament long-line gear fishes specifically for highly migratory, actively feeding swordfish, tunas and sharks. This gear, and most importantly, the presentation of the bait must be attractive to a feeding animal or induce a reluctant fish to strike. Through time and within the development of new fishing areas, swordfish and tunas have displayed an ability to rapidly discriminate against older style gears and bait presentations. To maintain catches, it has continually been necessary to employ finer more advanced techniques and improve the natural appearance and appeal of the hooked bait. A sophisticated approach to the implications of fish feeding behavior on the design and treatment of commercial long-line terminal tackle will consistently improve the form, orientation and performance of your gear. The most popular baits utilized in pelagic monofilament long-line fisheries are squid, mackerel and salma. Typically bait preferences change as a function of target species - mackerel and salma for tuna fisheries and squid principally for swordfish. As bait, squid is available in different size grades. Historically fishermen have preferred packed and frozen-on-board jig caught illex from 200-350 gram (X baits/LB). However, as bait prices continue to increase and in an effort to reduce expenses and per hook costs, many operators are moving to smaller high quality squid baits, 150-250 gram. Proper bait selection and bait size selection must be coordinated with the correct hook size and style. Developed swordfish and tuna fisheries have seen a steady decline in the size of the preferred hook. Evolution from early use of the MUSTAD 12/0 Big Game hooks to current demands for 8/0 size hooks witness this trend. Correct attachment of the bait to the leader requires that the squid be threaded through the mantle of the squid and hook imbedded in the bait. Because swordfish are “strike and return” feeders, catches can be significantly increased by employing a simple baiting technique. Often an attacking swordfish will encounter the monofilament leader in its slashing motions. It is possible to increase the number of “foul-hooked” or lasoe captured fish. Properly rigged the point and barb of the hook should exit a bait and be left exposed. This small detail leaves a part of the hook available to snag a feeding animal. Another critical hook decision is whether to employ straight or off-set (bent) hooks. Visual inspection of a swordfish or tuna reveals wide separation or displacement of their eyes. Eye positioning at the side of the head may affect the ability of these predatory fishes to determine distances at close range. This physical characteristic and the possible presence of a close quarter “blind spot” may force these fish to examine prey from one side and consumption with a rolling motion of the head. Although not well documented, these fishes may possess monocular stereoscopic vision by focusing through lens movement along the axis of one eye. This trait would be similar to the abilities displayed by predatory birds (hawks, eagles) to determine relative distances through a double fovea system in each eye. Because of the presence of the broad-bill in swordfish, it is highly probable that debilitated prey is approached from one side and consumed with a side-ways motion. This working hypothesis may indicate that these fish display some degree of handedness, or preference for one side or the other. This may help support long held fishermen’s beliefs that a directional off-set of hooks is critical to gear construction and success. If handedness is present, it is possible to match this dominance with an appropriate hook off-set. Additional treatment to a correctly baited leader can greatly increase the probability of a successful encounter. Commonly forgotten is the fact that during the setting of the gear, its settlement at depth and during haul-back your gear is actively fishing. This movement of your baits through the water, toward or away from the vessel, can be effectively exploited. Introduction of a small plastic octopus bait skirt above each hook will make moving gear “sexier”. Bait loss and predation will result in barren hooks during the haul-back. Use of skirts will mask a bare hook and frequently promote an instinctive “bite” from actively feeding fish. The popularity of luminous glo beads reflects their ability to heighten bait appeal. The emission of a low level of light may mimic the natural bioluminescence of prey species or merely serve as an event in a featureless environment. The number of beads and color employed per hook by individual vessels varies considerably. However, most vessels use multiple luminous beads and a combination of color per hook. Another popular practice among developed monofilament long-line vessels is the dyeing of squid baits. During the defrosting process or after thawing, squid can be exposed to strong concentrations of various food colors and readily absorb this pigment. Food coloring dye is available in powdered and liquid forms and can be found in many colors. The most popular colors, and those most frequently inventoried are, Red, Blue and Green. These primary colors are frequently combined to create different secondary color combinations or used in combination within a set. In addition to altering the physical appearance of the bait, bait dye is reported to mask the scent of processed dead squid and exude a scent trail, or dye trail through the water. The most successful vessel in a fishery is the one throwing “something new” in the water - giving the gear a different look. These gear changes occur over time and through the innovation of ambitious captains. Without a doubt, the effectiveness of monofilament long-line equipment in world-wide swordfish and tuna fisheries can be found in the details of gear construction. A developed description of these techniques and others can be found in; FISHING FOR BIG FISH, The Art, Science and Economics of Long-Lining for Swordfish and Tuna, by Captain Walter Flanigan and Edward R. Gaw, 1997.
Management Hypocrisy - First Foreign Commercial Fishermen then Domestic Commercial FishermenEdward R. GawHi-Liner Fishing Gear, Inc. printed:: National Fisherman November 1997 The purpose and goal of federal fisheries management has changed. The United States government has progressed, or regressed, through an interesting evolution of resource management controls and designs. Federal fisheries officials have gone from a removal of foreign interests from our national waters to a poorly disguised campaign to remove our own national interests from US waters. The National Marine Fisheries Service and council extensions are no longer able to predicate commercial fishing regulations in conservation terms and tones but have moved toward specific reservations of public property marine resources for politically visible user groups. Political expediency and influence has defeated scientific analysis and common-sense rationalization. Simply put - the feds are systematically removing the US from participation in commercial fishing. If this attitude was present in the ministrations and control of only one fishery, this statement could be dismissed as standard fisherman paranoia but two (2) fisheries suggests a trend. As an illustration of this management change-of-course, the following examples are offered; Atlantic Billfish and Atlantic Dolphin. The Atlantic Billfish Management Plan, 1988, allocated and essentially reserved all north Atlantic Marlin to recreational sport-fishermen. Commercial long-line vessels acquiesced to recreational sport-fishing demands despite historic participation in the harvest of these species on a bycatch basis. The true premise of this “management” plan was to eliminate competing interests and insulate big game sport fishermen on this side of the Atlantic. However, the lay interpretation of this federal action was one of conservation and salvation for these magnificent fish. Billfish are highly migratory pelagic fish that are not confined by the extent of US waters or the scope of US regulations. The Atlantic wide nature of these animals and the existence of seafood markets in other countries confounds uni-lateral management efforts and allows foreign-based high seas fleets to legally accrue the benefits of US commercial sacrifices. Additionally, and maybe more importantly, the growth in popularity of big game sport fishing has resulted in significant recreational billfish mortalities. Recent conservative estimates, based on tournament data, suggest the recreational billfish mortalities are ten (10) times the mortality estimated for the US long-line fleet. The actual net effect of our actions was to effectively remove US commercial interests from participation in this international fishery on an incidental basis, isolate foreign suppliers as a sole source for domestically consumed fish, export US dollars in the acquisition of these foreign products, replace one type of effort and mortality with a less quantifiable one and witness no conservative return or benefit to the US public owners. The best management intentions have resulted in a situation where we have “saved” the fish - but saved them for whom. Enter the recent “DISNEY” based discussions and contemplation of Atlantic Dolphin management. The South Atlantic Fishery Management Council is currently accepting ideas and suggestions from the “recreationally insane” for dolphin fisheries management options. As expected, serious weight and concern is being given to the effects and influences of the east coast commercial long-line fleet. Proper appreciation of this management drama must include an understanding of the growth rate of this species, its extra-territorial movements and the difficulty in assessing and quantifying the recreational sport-fishing catch. Dolphin are a fast growing, fast moving prolific Atlantic pelagic. These fish have a range including US waters, the Caribbean and the High Seas. The National Marine Fisheries Service, SEFC, places the preliminary 1994 Atlantic coast dolphin landings at 7,388,500 lb. Recreational landings account for 7,247,000 lb. or approximately 98%. Commercial landings are 141,500 lb. for 1994 and justifiably represent the target and focus of our management efforts. Any attempt to imply commercial responsibility for Atlantic dolphin population fluctuations would have to be made late at night. None involved has any doubt that one more regulatory straw will be added to the commercial fishermen’s back by replacing his effort with a more culpable and harder to count unit of effort. This attempt to save our stock may reach new depths in the anals of management. As with the removal of foreign fleets from our waters and a replacement of their effort with domestic vessels, attempts are being made to substitute “friendlier” recreational fishing for commercial harvests. Commercial fishing is an honorable, defensible and fundamentally essential profession. Commercial fishermen maintain no illusions about the effect of influence and politics on resource management and allocation issues but hold dear the notion that our efforts should, at the very least have some scientific basis and equitable rational.
Swordfish Blood-lines - the Real Storyby:: Edward R. Gaw - Hi-Liner Fishing Gear, Inc.printed:: Fishing Boat World June 1999 Fish and seafood of all types are routinely graded on merits of quality, freshness and appearance. The purpose of any grading exercise is to assist in the determination of market price and catch value. The examination of tunas; bigeye, yellowfin and bluefin, bound for the fresh sashimi market represents the best known example of historical fish grading. A more modern extension of this formal fish review/analysis is the classification of fresh swordfish by grades. The market classification of fresh swordfish is primarily a function of the appearance of the “blood-line”. Today’s swordfish marketing efforts include descriptions of brown, burgundy, maroon, red, tight and spread qualifiers for the red muscle of a swordfish cross-section. It would probably be more helpful to an assessment of swordfish quality to understand what a “blood-line” is rather than to rely on qualitative sales terms. Contrary to popular belief, swordfish, tunas and sharks are not cold-blooded fishes. These larger pelagic animals employ a host of techniques to regulate their internal body temperatures. Through a combination of counter-current heat-exchangers, preferential blood flow distribution and brain heaters (rete mirabili), swordfish work to maintain a preferred internal temperature range. The swordfish “blood-line” is believed to play a key role in temperature regulation of highly migratory, pelagic swordfish. An understanding of this role will assist any seafood buyer or consumer in the interpretation of the importance of “blood-line” appearance in the determination of fish quality. The blood-line is not a blood-line. Market use of the term blood-line generally refers to the area of darker pigmented muscle at the center of a swordfish cross-section. The composition and role of this red muscle region is fundamentally different from the surrounding white muscle, or meat, of the swordfish loin. Upon closer examination, this red muscle surrounds two (2) very large blood vessels. These large blood vessels run the full lateral length of any swordfish and approximate the fish’s centerline in profile. As witnessed in any retail swordfish steak, these blood vessels reside just under the skin in close proximity to the surface of the swordfish. A free-swimming swordfish is constantly adjusting its blood flow volumes and blood flow distribution to correspond to specific requirements. These demands result from changes in activity, water quality and water temperature. Swordfish thermo-regulation involves the use of its environment to collect heat from the ocean and exhaust/disburse heat back into the water. Preferential blood- flow distribution allows swordfish to limit peripheral blood flow in colder water and conserve body heat within its muscle-insulated core. In warmer waters, these same vessels can be opened to effectively accept heat from warmer ocean waters. It is through the use and conservation of internally generated heat and the efficient utilization of ambient water temperatures that swordfish strive to maintain their preferred temperature range. One function of the red muscle mass, commonly referred to as the “blood-line”, is vascular control of these blood vessels and the selective distribution of blood. Effectively, this red muscle region participates in the temperature regulation system of swordfish. The expansion and contraction of these major blood vessels is a function of the contraction and relaxation of these “blood-line” related muscles. It is commonly recognized that the efficiencies of certain biological processes are improved within specific temperature ranges. Certain enzymes, digestive processes and muscular activity are enhanced within predetermined temperatures. Swordfish are classified as diurnal migrators. These fish can typically be found deep during daylight hours and move higher in the water column as darkness falls. These highly migratory pelagic billfish are known to experience a wide range of water temperatures in their daily vertical movements and seasonal horizontal travels. A deep diving swordfish will limit blood flow to its exterior by flexing these “blood-line” muscles, constricting these exterior vessels and limiting peripheral blood flow. Likewise, “cooler” swordfish may retreat to warmer surface waters or even utilize sunlight to collect heat and raise internal body temperatures. The “finning” behavior of surface swimming swordfish in northern latitudes can be interpreted as a temperature raising strategy. Day-light surface swimming swordfish are rarely reported in warmer tropical fisheries. The two (2) blood vessels in close association within this red muscle mass are paired by design. These paired vessels allow for the free exchange of heat within the circulatory design of swordfish. Counter-current heat exchangers prevent excessive heat loss through the gill water interface and further conserve precious body heat. It is reasonable to assume this system of heat exchange records its highest utility in colder, deeper waters where ambient water and gill temperatures are significantly below swordfish core temperatures. These two blood vessels represent the true “blood-line” contained in every swordfish loin. It is important to note the size of the red muscle area does not indicate freshness or age of any piece of swordfish. Development of this red muscle region may indicate the range of temperatures experienced by individual fish. Thin, tight “blood-lines” characterize fish limited to more tropical environments. Local resident populations of tropical fish that do not experience wide variations in local water temperatures will display smaller areas of red muscle surrounding these blood vessels. Conversely, more temperate highly migratory swordfish will develop pronounced red muscle areas from repeated circulatory adjustments. The width and extent of the “blood-line” region speaks more to the range and origin of the fish than to specific meat quality. The storage of individual swordfish catches can dramatically affect the color of the “blood-line” region of swordfish. The single largest ship-board influence on “blood-line” color is the type of ice employed. Improper use of salt-water ice will immediately effect “blood-line appearance regardless of catch age. Ship-board manufacture of salt-water ice produces ice that is considerably colder that its freshwater equivalent. Salt-water ice must be allowed to age or cure for a period of several days before it is used to store fresh swordfish or tunas. This period of time allows the ice to “warm” and avoid inadvertent freezing of the catch. “Blood-line” color is also a function of the water temperature, time of death, fat content and level of metabolic by-products produced by a struggling fish. Simple acceptance of the color and size of a swordfish “blood-line” as a proxy for quality is inaccurate, misleading and wrong. An understanding of commonly referenced swordfish muscle group will aid in an interpretation of its appearance on overall fish quality. It is important to dispel widely accepted beliefs that the swordfish “blood-line” grows with age and alone can deliver a true measure of quality. The anatomical operation of the swordfish “blood-line” in thermo-regulation provides greater insight into the life of the fish than commentary on the marketability of its remains. Appreciation for fish biology increase the dimensions of swordfish sales efforts and give fish wholesalers and chefs something to talk about.
Fishing for Dollar$, Yen or Eurosby:: Edward R. GawPRINTED:: Fishing Boat World MARCH 2000 Pelagic long-line fishing for swordfish and tunas has expanded explosively into every ocean over the past decade. The efficacy and efficiency of monofilament long-line systems has enabled many coastal nations to exploit these valuable oceanic resources. Transoceanic distribution of these highly migratory pelagics affords most fleets access, or seasonal access, to these important export commodities. Resource availability and realized hard-currency export potentials for swordfish and tunas motivate many vessels and owners into pelagic monofilament long-line fisheries. The international market for swordfish and tunas is chosen to illustrate the interplay between product values and international currency trading considerations. These monetary modifiers are present to some degree in most fisheries that market product in foreign markets. Despite growing international popularity, swordfish and tunas, fresh or frozen are destined for one of three (3) principal markets; US, Japan and Spain. These primary importing nations offer consistent markets, strong demand and hard currency (dollars, yen and Euro) to swordfish and tuna producers worldwide. Pelagic long-lining for swordfish and tunas has expanded from the industrialized fishing fleets of the principal harvesting nations (US, Japan, Spain) through an increasing list of “minor harvesting nations”. At the most recent ICAAT meeting, (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, November 1999) the three major harvesters accounted for roughly 84% of North Atlantic landings. The activity of these fleets has spawned the development of coastal nation high-seas long-line activity. In many cases, this development has been accelerated by the export promise of hard currency. In most cases, these “minor” producers have limited capacity for domestic or national consumption. Local market development and growth frequently lag behind the production gains possible in a newly christened virgin swordfish and tuna fishery. Additionally, many of these countries possess economies characterized by unstable fiscal conditions, currency devaluation’s, measurable inflation and foreign trade deficits. Because swordfish and tunas are exported, true shipment values are obtained from physical inspection and sales in the destination markets. Determination of export worth requires market grading and final market settlement. This process concludes after the physical export of the product from the country of origin. True ex-vessel value is a function of current and anticipated supply, market demand and product quality. Trip settlement for exported swordfish and tunas typically concludes in 14 to 45 days. Countries of origin demand that shipping documentation for exports list a product value. This plug value becomes the shipment value of record with local government export authorities. Plug values employed are stated and listed conservatively. In most countries with tight currency and export controls, it is the stated export value that determines the amount of hard currency repatriated to the central bank of the country of origin. Central bank conversion of returned hard currency to local currency invariably involves use of a fixed rate beneath the unofficial true floating exchange rate. Comparison of the stated export figure with the ultimate shipment settlement produces a significant positive difference in hard currency. Under valued export shipments provide the following advantages::
The use of fish as a vehicle in the money shuffle is an important dimension of export targeted commercial fisheries. In many cases, foreign currency subsidized vessels maintain a distinct advantage over export market located vessels. At the very least, leverage of hard currency accounts effectively reduces freight costs associated with product transport. The break-even point for foreign vessels exporting the bulk of their captured product to hard currency markets is reduced. It is conceivable that foreign flagged vessels continually report local operational loses mitigated by the degree to which they benefit from this foreign currency subsidy. It is further expected that this subsidy buffer the foreign vessel operator against swordfish and tuna price variability. The next time local fisherman in these destination markets complain that times are rough and figure all fishermen are in the same boat - it may depend on where that boat is docked.
Fine Line Between Man and Big Fishby:: Edward R. GawPRINTED:: Fishing News International: September 1997 Monofilament fishing lines are quickly becoming the standard in worldwide swordfish and tuna fisheries. Introduction of complete monofilament systems into traditional longline fleets, fishing traditional materials, has significantly increased catch rates for swordfish and tunas. Reports of twice the number of fish with half the number of hooks are common. Although technical in nature, the design and practical use of monofilament longline gear is relatively simple. This feature combined with the absence of any sophisticated equipment requirements offers monofilament longlining as an efficient low-cost gear type to vessels of all lengths. However, understanding the technical properties and fishing characteristics of monofilament line is critical to a vessel’s fishing success. Monofilament fishing line is manufactured by extruding nylon polymer and co-polymer plastic resins. Raw materials, method of extrusion and specific after-treatments, such as hard annealing, combine to give different monofilaments their properties. Manufacturers often combine additives to the plastic mix to improve ultra-violet resistance, extend shelf and working life (anti-oxidants) and thermal stability. Often color is added in the process to provide a complete range of colors and color combinations.. Monofilament breaking strength is a direct function of line diameter. Main line diameters range from 3.00mm (1000 lb. Test) to 4.50mm (1600 lb. Test). It is important to note that the smaller the line diameter the greater the capacity for storage on any given hydraulic main line spool. Therefore, a forty (40) nautical mile system can be converted to a forty five (45) nautical mile system by reducing the diameter of the main line and not replacing the main spool. Operationally, main line diameter decisions should be determined after considering target fishing depths and storage spool age and condition. Deeper fishing requires stronger line and older, weaker spools are incapable of containing the expansive force of smaller diameter main lines.
One of the most critical longline fishing equipment decisions is selecting the right leader-line (branch, gangion or hook line). Leader-line monofilaments, currently in use, range from 1.60mm (250 lb. Test) to 2.50mm (600 lb. Test). Assessment of leader line monofilaments should include three (3) primary considerations::
The operational constraint to decreasing monofilament diameters is abrasion resistance. As line sizes become smaller, detecting any chaffing, nicks or cuts in the leader-line becomes very critical. Any incidental contact of the plastic line with a fish, the side of the boat or any hard irregular surface will significantly compromise line strength. It is incumbent upon deck crews fishing monofilament leaders to visually and manually inspect each hook line as it is hauled back to the vessel and placed in storage. Many crews employ a “nylon glove” trick to detect any abrasions or irregularities on the line during gear retrieval. A nylon glove on one hand will snag on any rough line and is much more sensitive than a callused fishing hand. Most successful vessels automatically replace a monofilament leader after the capture of a fish. Crews inexperienced in fishing with monofilament lines should begin with stronger, heavier and more abrasion resistant monofilaments until the requisite skills are developed. The physics of monofilament impacts the performance of monofilament knots. When knotted, large diameter monofilaments are very strong on elongation, the outside edge of a loop or a knot. However, monofilaments are very weak on compression, the inside edge of a loop or a knot. The presence of these multiple compression surfaces inside knots limit their usefulness when using monofilament. Attaching hooks and longline snaps is best accomplished by employing aluminum sleeves (crimps). The inside diameter of an aluminum sleeve is used to size the sleeve to a specific monofilament diameter. A bench mounted compression tool is used to squeeze the aluminum around the monofilament and hold it securely. It is important to adjust the compression tool correctly for different sleeve sizes. If the tool is adjusted too loose, the monofilament will slip and release within the sleeve. Over-compression will impact monofilament strength and cause monofilament fractures at or within the sleeve. Even after correct adjustment, each monofilament and sleeve combination should be tested to breaking. Crimped correctly, failure will occur along the monofilament and not at the sleeve. Advancements in long-line fishing materials will continue. For example, fluorocarbon monofilaments are now in wide use with technical sportfishing fleets. Despite higher cost, fluorocarbon has found great acceptance and application because of its virtual invisibility in water. Of all monofilaments, this material has an index of refraction closest to water. Simply stated, fluorocarbon handles light (absorption and reflection) like water. This characteristic makes it less detectable in water and near-perfect for hook and line applications. A more detailed explanation of monofilaments and their use in long-line fisheries will be found in; LONGLINE FISHING FOR BIG FISH, by Captain Walter Flanagan and Edward R. Gaw.
Swordfish, Tunas and the Moonby:: Edward R. GawPRINTED:: Fishing Boat World: May 1998 Howl at the moon - not if you are fishing for swordfish and tunas. Second only to local weather conditions, the moon represents the most significant influence in the long-line capture of swordfish and tunas. Improvements in long-line gear and materials have been closely shadowed by refinements in long-line techniques and applications. Successful fishing and adjustments are effective because they control key variables and take advantage of specific peculiar traits of swordfish and tunas. The idea that large pelagic fish do not feed randomly throughout the day and concentrate their feeding activity to specific periods requires an understanding of the lunar phases and their effects. This article will describe this lunar influence and its importance in the vertical placement of monofilament long-line gear. As with all fishing, the development and evolution of monofilament long-line gear is a work in progress. Constant improvement of long-line gear and materials is coupled with experimentation and produces improved applications by fishermen. In its simplest terms, it remains every long-line fisherman’s goal to maximize gear over-lap with the vertical and horizontal distribution of swordfish and tunas. Monofilament long-line gear has proven successful in covering the full extent of the horizontal distribution of swordfish and tunas. However, given the structural limitations of monofilament gear and the extended vertical range of these target species, the area of vertical gear over-lap is limited. Once a horizontal determination of a concentration of fish has been made (selection of a fishing ground), calculated vertical gear adjustments may significantly improve catch rates. An appreciation of the power of the moon on the effectiveness of monofilament long-line gear will determine the best gear construction, fishing depth and soak times. God can be found in the details and genius of interpreting long-line gear soak times and lunar illumination. In the determination of successful fishing strategies and calculated local adjustment - the moon figures heavily. It is the design of monofilament long-line gear to capture actively feeding swordfish and tunas. These species are contrast feeders drawn to water that collect concentrations of prey items. The retina of swordfish and tunas are packed with specialized “rods”, sensitive to short wavelength light, necessary for keen low light vision. The fact that the light gathering ability of the eye increases with the square of the pupil’s diameter makes swordfish and tunas extremely sensitive light gatherers. The ability to artificially concentrate bait is an effective measure of any long-line gear. Local lunar influence on the concentration and location of bait allows strategically placed gear to magnify local bait concentrations. The activity around and through your gear resulting from higher bait concentrations significantly increases the probability of encounter and capture. If it is true that you are better fishing water that collects concentrations of bait, then the influence of the moon makes a determination of appropriate bait depth easier. Primarily all bait species are diurnal in nature, staying deep during daylight and rising to shallower waters as light diminishes. This daily migration can be witnessed on any standard sounder, sonar or depth recorder. Reflected light from the moon penetrates the water and influences the vertical placement and density of this bait, or “scattering” layer. This lunar effect increases as available light increases toward the full moon. The moon’s effect on nighttime long-line fishing begins with the first quarter and trails with the last quarter because the ¼ moon phases peak in the sky during low light periods of sunrise and sunset. From the first quarter through the last quarter, reflected moonlight creates a ceiling above which bait will not rise and around which bait concentrates. Consistent with most orbits, the path of the moon around the earth is an ellipse, with the closest point, perigee and the farthest approach, apogee. Increased gravitational force on the Earth at perigee can lead to higher high tides and lower low tides than normal. When the moon and sun are aligned with the Earth (new and full moon), the moon’s tidal effect couples with the sun’s gravitational force and significantly increases tides. The moon has a synchronous rotation resulting in one full rotation in the same time required to orbit the Earth. It takes 29.5 days for the moon to complete a lunar month, new moon to new moon. This combination of factors causes the moon to rise and set at different times each day of the lunar month. Every twenty-four (24) hours (one complete Earth rotation) the moon has precessed 12 degrees in its orbit (eastward). This movement results in moonrise times 51 minutes later each day. Sunset and moon rise times combine to trigger bait movements 51 minutes later each day. In addition to successively later moonrise times, the moon’s height above the horizon changes from season to season. In the northern hemisphere:: In early spring the moon’s first quarter is the highest, the last quarter the lowest, with the new and full moons rising to the sun’s mid-day high point; In winter the full moon is the highest, the new moon lowest, and the quarter phases rise in-between. Determination of the amount of local moonlight available resulting from the moon’s seasonal position and daily moon rise times influences the after dark impact of lunar illumination on drifting pelagic long-line gear. The best captains and successful long-line vessels adjust their gear and technique over the course of a fishing trip. The successes of each set reveal details about fish feeding behavior and gear interaction. Collection and incorporation of these clues separates the good, from the bad, from the ugly. It should be every long-line fisherman’s focus to coordinate after-dark moon light with vertical gear placement, soak time and gear construction - primarily depth and light-stick quality. The key to this style of fishing is - INTERCEPTION. Each set should be an attempt to maximize gear over-lap with swordfish and tuna movement between deeper travel depths and shallower feeding zones. Simple review and calculation of moonrise, sunset and sunrise times affect the adjustment of setting and hauling times. Local conditions of cloud cover and sea state will influence the location of the bait “scattering” layer and determine how deep swordfish and tuna baits should be fished. Probably the best indication of proper depth adjustment is evidenced during haul-back. Retrieved baits that are chewed or molested by smaller baitfishes are a positive sign and provide strong indication that your baited hooks are at the level bait is holding. The interaction of the formation of this layer and its movement relative to the construction, sweep and soak time determines fishing success. The employment of colored light-sticks on pelagic long-line gear targeting swordfish and tunas should be coordinated with this lunar bait effect. Color selection, light output and attachment position of light-sticks on the gear should be adjusted according to differential light levels associated with each moon phase. Light-sticks significantly increase the fishing power of swordfish and tuna long-line gear. The ability of a light-stick to generate contrast motivates the use of a larger 6” light with predictable burn qualities. Higher fill volumes of light producing chemical in 6” lights produces a more consistent and predictable burn and allows for accurate placement and higher catch rates. The use of light-sticks to exaggerate and intensify the collection of bait through active gear requires some thought. During full moon periods, because of the increased amount of reflected light penetrating the water column, the effectiveness of shallower set light-sticks may be diminished. It is during these periods that a larger, brighter light-stick is required to produce the same bait gathering ability during lower lunar light periods. Conversely the re-use of 6” light-sticks, with higher chemical volumes, a second night, at a lower intensity, has proven effective during lower lunar light periods. Because most light-sticks are at 50% their original intensity one hour after activation, light-stick placement on the leader can significantly affect gear efficiency and performance. The extinction of light from a light-stick, its distance from the hook and the timing of the bite, (late bite or early bite) will move the light-stick closer to or farther from the hooked bait. Each light-stick color has its own unique burn curve and spectral qualities characterized by a combination of initial brightness, burn duration and water penetration. The correct distance from the hook for light-stick attachment is that measure which causes the hooked bait to fall just outside the greatest influence of light, or the light-stick “shadow” zone. The shrinking zone of light created by the light-stick and its location on the leader should be timed with the highest period of feeding activity, as evidenced from previous set experience. Consideration of these properties enables each fisherman to calculate and intelligently select the most appropriate light-stick color, or colors, for any fishing conditions. Early set success and experimentation are the best guide to local gear refinement and adjustment. Successful long-lining comes from a basic understanding of the interaction of many different variables. The importance of these factors vary but the moon and its phases strongly influence the location and abundance of food items in time and space. Because the prey species of swordfish and tuna are creatures of the edge, it is possible to improve the placement of pelagic long-line gear within a fishing area. Vertical limitations of monofilament long-line gear demands constant refinement of gear construction and materials. Patterning fish behavior by scouting a particular location with different gear parameters allows refinement over the course of a fishing trip. However, it remains crucial to remember that a lack of initial success in the adjustment of any gear component does not equal failure. It is strongly recommended to incorporate some degree of gear variability in each set made. A reasoned approach to after dark lunar illumination will improve any vessel’s catch history. A more detailed explanation of the moon and its influence on pelagic monofilament long-line gear use can be found in; LONG- LINE FISHING FOR BIG FISH, by Walter Flanagan and Edward R. Gaw.
Swordfish, Tunas and Temperatureby:: Edward R. GawPRINTED:: Fishing Boat World June 1998 Contrary to popular belief, swordfish tunas and sharks are not cold-blooded fishes. Through a combination of counter current heat exchangers, preferential blood flow distribution and brain heaters (rete mirabili), these fish work to maintain a preferred internal temperature range. An understanding of this specific temperature preference and the influence of temperature on the local availability of prey species can dramatically improve hook and line catch rates. The complex influence of the effect of water temperature on the behavior of target species, swordfish and tunas, and the predictable location of bait can be simply stated. Colder or cooler water is denser or heavier than relatively warmer water. Close association of two (2) or more bodies of water, distinguished by different temperatures is defined as a temperature front. The evolutionary stages of any temperature front include its birth, life and disappearance. Frontal strength and its relative longevity can be measured by the size of the temperature gradient across the water masses involved. It is extremely important to remember that water temperature figures strongly in water density. Given that colder water is heavier and warmer water lighter, interpretation of temperature fronts can be seen as the developing interaction between density surfaces. The size of the initial temperature gradient will determine the strength and relative thickness of the density surfaces present. Fisheries interpretation of the presence of a temperature break or existing density surfaces in an oceanic context, allows for the progressive accumulation of particles and prey items on or around these density differences. As wind borne or current propelled particles settle through the water column, the existence of a strong density gradient will collect particles and activity over time. Successive development will attract and foster the development of a food web around any density feature. Progressively larger organisms drawn to this natural accumulation of forage items, culminate in elevated bait activity and target fish availability. The effect of density on hook and line success for swordfish and tunas is direct and documented. Events producing local increases in the presence of swordfish and tunas, take time to develop. The collision or interaction of different temperature water masses produces a strong surface signature. These features are identifiable from remote sensing observations. Satellites, specifically sea surface temperature (SST) measurements document the creation and existence of a potentially productive piece of water. However, satellite derived surface temperature information is extremely sensitive to atmospheric moisture and this data only integrates the water temperature through the first several millimeters of the observed water’s surface. For this reason, SST satellites are valuable tools in the early identification and movement of potentially “good” water but maintain limited utility in the hook and line capture of swordfish and tunas. The influence of daily solar heating and nighttime cooling dissipates any surface temperature signature over time. The sun’s influence on an ocean’s surface layer smoothes the presence of any front and ultimately renders it virtually invisible from any remote platform. At the same time the sun is masking the presence of any temperature or density feature, this feature is growing more productive. Consequently, at its most productive fish gathering strength, the aged temperature front is relatively invisible to SST satellites. Consistent location and knowledge of these older productive density fronts separates consistently productive captains from occasionally lucky ones. The presence of commercial quantities of swordfish and tunas requires the integration of both remote satellite information and local measurements. Trip planning should include satellite remote time series indicating the creation of density/temperature fronts and more importantly, their relative movement. Despite the effect of time on frontal visibility, exercised tracking of frontal features will serve to assist in the reliable prediction of productive feeding grounds. Interaction of these mobile, transient features with bathymetric structure; continental shelf/slope, seamounts, banks, will compound a feature’s ability to draw and hold fish. Despite all the satellite information and vessel charting and tracking efforts, the decision to fish and throw gear in the water is a local one. Most well equipped vessels carry an advanced HI-LINER ATA Temperature Gauge. This instrument is the only piece of commercially affordable electronics available that accurately measures SSTs to the hundredth (0.01) of a degree. This meter has proved invaluable in the pursuit of developed productive temperature/density features in tropical and subtropical situations, subject to persistent daily solar heating. Through the learned use of this powerful fishing instrument, it is possible to identify productive “good” water. The display of subtle changes in temperature and the revealed presence of distinctive temperature patterns can improve the performance of any vessel, regardless of target species. This surface temperature device has been the secret of the most productive captains for years. The HI-LINER ATA PLUS Surface Temperature Gauge has proved a significant advance in fishing technology and gear improvement. There remains no substitute for the disciplined charting of satellite water features over time. Despite a SST satellite’s best efforts to reveal a productive water mass, it is a feature’s course and persistence through time that determines its ability to collect target animals and create a favorable fishing environment. The successful application of hook and line fishing gear requires a spread of hooks in areas rich in local bait concentrations. One strong mechanism for increasing local bait availability is the presence of a pronounced thermal front and accompanying density surfaces. Successive accumulation of particles, phytoplankyon, zooplankton and progressively larger baitfishes culminate in higher local concentrations of feeding target animals, swordfish and tunas. The presence of a correctly baited hook and FLEX-STICK light-stick in this environment significantly increases the probability of capture and success. Successful long-lining comes from a basic understanding of the interaction of many different variables. The importance of these factors vary but a vessels ability to consistently locate “good” water strongly influence its catch history and profitability. Because the prey species of swordfish and tuna are creatures of the edge, it is possible to improve the placement of pelagic long-line gear within a fishing area. Vertical limitations of monofilament long-line gear demands constant refinement of gear construction and materials. Patterning fish behavior by scouting a particular location with different gear parameters allows refinement over the course of a fishing trip. However, it remains crucial to remember that a lack of initial success in the adjustment of any gear component does not equal failure. It is strongly recommended to incorporate some degree of gear variability in each set made. A reasoned approach to the aging and development of temperature fronts will ultimately improve the fishing power of any correctly baited hook. A more detailed explanation of swordfish, tunas and temperature and its influence on pelagic monofilament long-line gear use can be found in; LONG- LINE FISHING FOR BIG FISH, by Walter Flanagan and Edward R. Gaw.
Tunas and Lightsticksby:: Edward R. GawPRINTED:: Fishing News International: January 1997 Light-sticks are magic in all hook and line tuna fisheries. The introduction of light-sticks into long-line tuna systems significantly increases the fishing power of the gear. Proof of their effectiveness can be witnessed by the increasing popularity of light-sticks among US and foreign long-line tuna fleets. Increased catches associated with light-stick use are creating explosive light-stick sales growth into international commercial fishing markets. Increasing use, fishermen’s preferences and continuing experimentation are resulting in a proliferation of light-stick sizes, colors and shapes. Incorporation of light-sticks into tuna gear is producing significant changes in the size and composition of Long-line catches. Light-sticks represent a major advancement in tuna long-line technique. It is scientifically well documented that larger predatory fishes; yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, albacore tuna are “color-blind”. The visual sensitivity of tunas is biased toward shorter wavelength light. This aspect of large pelagic fish biology is intuitive::
While less is known about the visual physiology and spectral sensitivity of prey, the influence of light has a greater direct effect on prey items than as a direct attractant to tunas. It is the function of light-sticks to artificially aggregate and collect bait items through working long-line gear. The movement and activity of bait concentrations around a light-stick are critical to the capture of tunas. It is the creation of a lighted environment and shadow zone that is responsible for higher catches. Surface illumination techniques used by large squid jigging operations exhibit the effective use of this shadow area. Typically, squid jigging lights are arrayed in such a way that the jigging lines move within the boundary zone between the shadow of the vessel and the lighted area. This deck arrangement increases the efficiency of the vessel by coordinating prey behavior and gear location. The instinctive accumulations of squid and small bait fishes in the transition boundary are effectively exploited. At the hook level, the same principles hold for the successful application of light-sticks. The construction and design of light-sticks adapt easily to long-line attachment and submersion. Light-stick use varies from vessel to vessel and Captain to Captain. Most tuna skippers use a light-stick on every hook. These lights are attached and connected to the branch line a meter to several fathoms above the bait. Light-stick placement on the leader-line is not routine. Ideally the baited hook should reside in the shadow zone during tuna feeding periods. If earlier long-line sets produce live tunas when hauled back to the boat, the timing of the bite is later in the set. Late bites may require that the light-stick be placed closer to the hook to coordinate light-stick decay with the effective feeding period. Experimentation is constantly required to optimize fishing success. Light-sticks will increase the fishing power of tuna long-line gear. The ability of a light-stick to generate contrast motivates the use of a larger 6” light with predictable burn qualities. A consistent burn allows for accurate hook placement and higher catch rates. A more detailed explanation of light-sticks and their use can be found in; LONG- LINE FISHING FOR BIG FISH, by Walter Flanagan and Edward R. Gaw.
Shark Fishing - what you needBy Troy AtkinsonShark is quickly becoming the game fish of choice of big game anglers in Atlantic Canada. Although not as glorified as the Giant Bluefin Tuna, anyone can obtain the proper catch and release permit from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. With a modest investment in fishing tackle, you are ready to catch these fantastic predators of the deep. Following are the basic tackle requirements and bait rigging techniques as well as a few tips to aid the angler in increasing their chances of having a successful fishing trip.
Tackle
Reels
Line
Leaders My personal preference for leader construction uses both the multi-strand wire and the single strand wire. Start with ten feet of 1/16" stainless steel cable and crimp a 4/0 snap swivel to one end with a thimble to avoid chaffing, then add a four ounce egg sinker against the crimp and crimp this in place. Next, add a shark rattle if desired and finish by crimping a 4/0 swivel to the other end, completing the multi-strand portion of the leader. A two foot piece of #11 single strand wire is used for the second piece of the leader, and the hook is attached using six haywire twists followed by six barrel wraps, then a loop is formed using the same procedure on the other end of the wire and is connected to the snap swivel. I keep a good supply of single strand sections on the boat already rigged. As with the two piece leader, this is all that will have to be replaced if the hook cannot be extracted from the shark upon retrieval.
Bait
Shark Fishing - where to find themBy Troy AtkinsonFish are not everywhere, so careful planning is required before leaving the dock to determine where you will start your fishing days. Important factors such as current, tide, wind direction, water temperature and bottom structure are all important factors in determining the best possible place to catch these great game fish. It does no good to set up adrift over good bottom structure if the water temperature is too cold for sharks to inhabit. Likewise, it will be unproductive to drift through water that is the right temperature, but has no definitive bottom structure that will hold bait to attract sharks to the area. Before leaving the dock, the angler should look at a chart of the area he plans to fish and locate areas that have a high probability of holding bait such as holes, mounds or sudden drop or rises in the ocean floor. I find it useful to use various coloured, waterproof, magic markers to outline the bottom contours on my chart, as the standard gray lines are hard to distinguish when on board. By using a different colour for each depth contour, the traced lines really stand out from one another. Another useful tool is a sea surface temperature chart to correspond optimum temperature with bottom structure. Such charts are available over the Internet from both free and pay sites. Other structures that will hold bait are present around floating weed lines, and where there are drastic changes in water temperature or colour. These areas should not be overlooked. Upon arriving at the selected area, a depth sounder can be used to confirm that you are indeed over the structure you have chosen to fish. At this stage, it is important to determine which direction the wind/current is going to carry the boat so it can be positioned to take maximum advantage of the structure present. It would do little good if the boat was carried away from structure and into barren ground at this stage. Now that the boat is in position to carry out a favorable drift, the chumming process begins. The rods are placed in the rod holders and baits lowered over the side and drifted away from the boat. Fishing with three lines in the water, I like to lower my first bait to a depth of 150 feet and attach a float to the line and drift it out 100 yards from the boat. With this done, the second bait is lowered to 100 feet and the float is attached and drifted about 50 yards from the boat. The third bait is lowered to a depth of 50 feet directly over the side of the boat. At this point, all reels are in free spool mode with the clicker engaged so that if a fish takes the bait, it can run off with it without too much resistance. If during the day, it is found that the majority of the fish are being caught at only one depth, the other baits are adjusted to take advantage of this. Baits should be checked at regular intervals and replaced with fresh ones if they appear to be washed out. If live bait is available in the area, do not be afraid to replace your baits with live baits as this is what the sharks you are pursuing are accustomed to eating. It is also a good idea to keep an extra rod at the ready with a fresh bait or plug to cast to any sharks that appear on the surface near the boat. It is important to take advantage of any opportunity that presents itself throughout the day. Now it should be just a matter of time before the first float begins to move and the reel clicker notifies you that your quarry has arrived and taken the bait. The moment that you have been waiting and preparing for has finally arrived. Carefully remove the rod from the rod holder, allowing the fish to run off with the bait, engage the drag, reel in any slack in the line and set the hook with several strong lifts on the rod. it is important at this point to make sure the hook has been set as sharks have very tough jaws. More than a few fish have been lost at this stage because the hook was not set properly. All other lines in the water should be brought in so as not to interfere with the fish that is on the hook. The fish may make several runs away from the boat and the angler should be prepared for a lengthy battle and work with the fish, retrieving line when possible and letting the fish tire itself against the reel drag when it runs. Proper technique here will save the angler from tiring too quickly. Lift the rod to gain line and lower the rod down as line is reeled in. If a fighting belt and harness are available on the boat, put them to use. When properly utilized, they will use the large leg muscles to fight the fish instead of the smaller back and arm muscles, resulting in a more satisfying, less exhausting experience for the angler. When the fish is retrieved to the boat, a designated crew member, wearing heavy gloves, will have to retrieve the leader portion of the line and at this point the fish can be tagged using a tag stick, revived and released by removing the hook with a pair of heavy pliers or hook removal tool. Caution should always be exercised when wiring a fish, and the wire man should always have a pair of cable cutters handy in case they become entangled in the leader. I hope this article is helpful and adds to your enjoyment and productivity on your next trip. Tight lines to you! Send mail to hiliner@hiliner.com with questions or comments about this web site.
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